Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Management - Essay Example On the other hand oral communication takes place most commonly and informally all around organizations. This form is also time consuming and difficult to document but is more personal and gives immediate feedback. Non-Verbal communication is another important form of message conveyance by means of using elements and behavior that are not coded into words. It involves body movements and gestures (kinesics behavior), influence of proximity and space on communication (proxemics), tone & quality of voice (paralanguage) and object language that is using clothes, perfumes and furniture to communicate. Communication systems provide formal and informal methods for moving information through an organization so that appropriate decisions can be made (Werther & Davis, 2000). Downward communication system is information that begins at some point in the organization and cascades down the hierarchy to inform and influence, for example, announcements through employee bulletin boards & company newsl etters informing the employee of the latest development and direction in which the organization is moving or any new policy being introduced. An upward communication system involves getting information from the employees for example their feedback, suggestion or complaints. Grapevine communication also takes place which at times proves to be quite influential, it arises from social interaction between employees in the organization and is also used as tool to obtain off-the-record feedback from employees. Effective communication has increased importance nowadays as it motivates employees and improves relations with suppliers, helps take accurate and complete decision making, helps control and coordinates business activities. The primary functions of organizational communication is compliance-gaining, leading, motivating, influencing, problem-solving, decision-making, conflict management, negotiating & bargaining. Using effective communication as a tool to boost motivation ensures uni ty in working towards similar goals, gives employees the ownership of the goals, by asking for their feedback and suggestion they are involved in the decision making, hence putting into effect Hawthorne Theory into effect and increasing productivity. External communication with stakeholders and customers is also extremely important; it is done through meetings with stakeholders such as investors, business alliances, suppliers & dealers and customers, through written letters or through emails. Annual Report is a very effective tool distributed each year to give assessment of the company to its stakeholders. Further Websites are also an effective means of external communication these days. Annual General Meetings are also conducted to communicate company performance and key issues faced as well as future direction is discussed. Numerous theories are related to effective communication and impacts communication in an organization. Leon Festinger (1957) in his theory of cognitive dissona nce explains that people get an uncomfortable feeling, a psychological conflict from holding two or more incompatible beliefs simultaneously. Cognitive dissonance is a relatively straightforward social psychology theory that has enjoyed wide acceptance in a variety of disciplines including communication. There is a profound reluctance in corporate environments to acknowledge any kind of

Continental Philosophys Search for Balance Essay

Continental Philosophys Search for Balance - Essay Example "Such absolutizing, he charged, lent itself to generalizations of broad critical scope with respect to the idealistic procedure of hypostatizing the Idea and brought about (as allegorical derivatives from it) certain concrete political and social determinations, such as family, classes, and the state powers...In Marx's view," Hegel's dialectic "was mystifying and alienated inasmuch as Hegel did nothing but sanction, by a method inverted with respect to real relationships, the alienation of all the concrete historical and human determinations" (Rossi). Existentialism with "Soren Kierkegaard in the first half of the 19th century. He was critical of Hegel's philosophical system which analyzed Being (or existence) in an abstract and impersonal way. Kierkegaard was concerned with the individual's subjective experience of what it is to exist as a human being. For Kierkegaard the individual constantly has to choose what s/he is to become without recourse to the findings of science and philosophy" (Jones). Existentialism would eventually come to its most potent expression in the writings of the Frenchman Jean-Paul Sartre.... ..Politically Sartre claimed he was a Marxist and thought that freedom had both political and individual dimensions." Sartre, who in contrast to Kierkegaard was an atheist, coined the Existentialist credo, "Existence precedes essence". "What Sartre meant by the phrase 'existence precedes essence' is this: If there is no cosmic designer, then there is no design or essence of human nature. Human existence or being differs from the being of objects in that human being is self-conscious. This self-consciousness also gives the human subject the opportunity to define itself. The individual creates [oneself] by making self-directed choices" (Jones). There remained echoes of Hegel to be heard within Sartre. "The first Sartrean thought which has been derived from Hegel is the view that if there is to be any Truth in man's understanding of himself, it must be a Truth which becomes. Truth is thus something which emerges." With this assertion we hear "an obvious trace both of Hegelian dialectics and the Marxist tenet of the knowability of man. The second thing in Sartre which can be traced back to Hegel is the claim that what Truth must become is a totalization. We find in Hegelian dialectics that the synthesis is a totalization of the truth found in both the thesis and the antithesis. In the same manner, we find in Sartre asserting that the Truth in man is a Truth not just about his existence but also about the situations surrounding his existence" (Decino). Twenty-first Century Continental philosophy has come to be "preoccupied with two alternative formulations" that seem to transmute the Hegelian dialectic: desire given kinetic energy as jouissance and desire given kinetic energy as power. "These two views oppose and complement each other. They form a frame within which