Supporting a Smoking Ban Essay - 911 Words

Smoking I am writing an essay about smoking and whether or not you smoke I would like to share my views with you. As well as my views I will also explain the views of others who support smoking. I chose this subject because it is something that really annoys me. My opinion is against it, especially in public places. My reasons are that it harms the smoker and others. Other people feel that smoking is not a bad thing and support it. My opinion of those people is that they are probably all smokers. My first argument against smoking is health. The health problems caused by smoking are serious and numerous. There is clear evidence here! Heart attacks, strokes, emphysema, abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukaemia, cataracts,†¦show more content†¦can kill babies, they have small lungs and are very vulnerable so if you are smoking in a room with your baby, it could die because of you. Thirdly, smoking in public places should be illegal in the whole of the UK. At the moment it is banned in Scotland, as many people suffer from passive smoking. It is still not yet banned in England but will be soon, however, many people are still suffering due to this. 12% of house fires are caused by smoking. If someone is smoking in bed and they fall asleep, if they drop their cigarette they could set their bed, their room, their house on fire and when they woke up they would be stuck. Smoking kills, in more ways than one. It is really annoying and makes you feel ill when someone comes in smelling of smoke. There are arguments for smoking, one of them being that lots of people who work in places that make cigarettes would be made redundant and poor. They would also be sad and it can be hard to find a new job. People who smoke would not be able to buy cigarettes so they would be depressed as cigarettes help them relax. Furthermore, many people rely on smoking to get them through the day. Many people are addicted to the nicotine after only four cigarettes. Therefore giving up would be very difficult. Smokers smoke because they enjoy the feeling and believe that it is their choice and nobody should take that away from them. ?Nicotine is a powerfully addictive drug. The smoker is in aShow MoreRelatedEssay about Smoking In Public Places Should be Banned766 Words   |  4 Pages Do you mind people smoking around you in public places? According to the pro-smoking group Air Initiative 7 in 10 of you do. Do you think it is fair to discriminate against smokers, forcing them to stand outside and smoke? On the other hand is it fair that non-smokers should have to inhale second hand smoke which can dame their health? (Do you support this ban or do you oppose it?) Personally I oppose it as I believe that non-smokers shouldn’t be subjected to a smoky environment on a night out.Read MoreCigarettes And Long Term Health Effects984 Words   |  4 Pagescigarettes and long term health effects or smoking related illnesses. The case in India had the government engaged in a dialogue and democratic debate on if they wanted to create an advertising ban on cigarettes. They wanted to prevent undue influence on thei r youth to take up smoking and in so doing save their lives or possible future health care expenditures. To help support their position for doing so they studied the effects that bans on advertising smoking had on other countries. AccordingRead MoreThe Ban Of The Tobacco Advertising1084 Words   |  5 Pagestobacco marketing and the usage of tobacco impacting their economy and population. The Government of India proposed bans on tobacco advertising leading to arguments for and against, it is however important to analyze both sides those in favor an those against, and any conflicts of interest that may be involved. Taking a closer look at those in favor of the tobacco advertising bans there are several factors to be considered. The Government of India wasn’t the first country to deliberate over suchRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?845 Words   |  4 PagesThe smoking population in London stands around 1.2 million and with such a significant percentage of this city with the habit, it is unsurprising the ban has caused such wide controversy. Without hesitation, I add my voice to the chorus of non-smokers who think this ban goes too far. However, I am not saying that smoking is in any way good as I am extremely aware of the gruesome health risks and unattractive photos of black lungs and lopsided livers that litter the media. I just ask of you Britain;Read MoreThe Ban Of Tobacco Product Advertising947 Words   |  4 Pagesan ex-smoker and smoked for over 15 years of my life before I quit. There are many good reasons to quit smoking but smoking always my choice. I have seen many differ ent regulations applied and experienced the pressures of graphic pictures on packs of cigarettes that are designed to influence your desire to quit personally. Is it ethically okay to ban smoking advertising? Supporting the Ban There are easily many reasons to support the banning of advertisement of tobacco products. The obvious reasonsRead MoreA Government And A Tobacco Company1003 Words   |  5 Pages(ICMR), 2001). Those in favor of the ban cite the French who stated that Tobacco advertising ban was to protect public health. They also, state the World Health Organization’s (WHO) death toll numbers. These numbers show that tobacco products are one of the leading causes of death in the world are continuing to grow. People who are in favor of the banning of advertising for tobacco products use a World Bank report that shows a substantial decline in smoking when ban of advertising in enacted for allRead MoreEffects of Banning Smoking Advertising Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Banning Smoking Advertising Cigarettes are some of the most abused drugs in the world and the effects associated with smoking have greatly influenced the intervention of health professionals concerning the legality of smoking advertisements. Ethical and legal issues have come up over the essence of restricting or completely banning cigarette advertising to reduce the number of affected individuals. Cigarettes have since time immemorial been established to cause a wide range of infectionsRead MoreTobacco And Its Effects On The United States1061 Words   |  5 Pagesfliers in packs of cigarettes. In 2001, The Government of India decided to ban the advertising of cigarettes. This ban was created to help the youth of India and hoped to reduce the amount of future smokers. The proposal of this restriction caused debates between the government, advertising companies, and tobacco manufacturers. The supporting and dismantling arguments for these ethical and commercial causes of the ban have enabled the government to make their final decision. The Government ofRead MoreIndian Ban On Tobacco Advertisements1469 Words   |  6 PagesINDIAN BAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTS IN FAVOUR According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million in 1998. It is estimated that tobacco related deaths would rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and to 10 million in about 2030. Internal industry documents released in the United States, described 14 – 24 year olds as â€Å"tomorrow’s business†. However, a study on tobacco consumption and employment, showed that effective policiesRead MoreSmokers’ Social Responsibility: Supporting Cigarette Ban in Outdoor Areas1011 Words   |  5 PagesSmokers’ Social Responsibility: Supporting Cigarette Ban in Outdoor Areas Audience: Smokers in the city Genre: An article in local newspaper Results of many researches have proven that concentrations of tobacco smoke in outdoor areas possess the risk to individuals, kids and environment. Even cigarette butts are equally hazardous for environment and many creatures, especially in sea. Therefore, the recently laid ban on smoking in outdoor area in our city is a good move. However, the support of

George Orwell Stories Review Free Essays

In the story â€Å"On the Rainy River† a 20-year old named Tim O’Brien is about to be given the freedom to go anywhere in life until he receives a draft notice requiring him to join the army in the Vietnam War. Tim O’Brien is tested both physically and mentally. He has the option to flee to Canada or go to the war. We will write a custom essay sample on George Orwell Stories Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each option would result in abandoning family, friends, and fond memories. In his essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† reminisces about a bad decision he made earlier in life, just like Tim. Reflecting on his experience, Orwell has also identified the reasons why he did it: â€Å"I could get nothing into perspective. I was young and ill-educated and I had to think out my problems in utter silence,† Tim O’Brien also dealt with his problems alone, â€Å" I felt isolated; I spent a lot of time alone. † Both Tim and George are struggling to deal with their problems and it’s eating away at them. In â€Å"On the Rainy River,† having a good education doesn’t have much on an impact on Tim’s life, because if your nation calls on you to defend your country, you’re going to have to make a difficult decision on whether you’re going to flee or going to war. Being educated makes Tim more open-minded, and prevents him from indulging in the nationalism that was sweeping the nation during that time. Although Tim may have good reasons we shouldn’t be in the war, the nation was depending on men like him. In â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† George Orwell says â€Å" †¦I could get nothing into perspective. I was young and ill-educated and I had to think out my problems in the utter silence that is imposed on every Englishman in the East. † George Orwell is trying to say that when you’re young and inexperienced you’re bound to make a lot of mistakes. When you’re young your family, peers, and own country have influenced your opinions. Many individuals are afraid and unwilling to deviate from the norm. George is an anti-imperialist at heart, but puts on an officer uniform and represents imperialism because that is how the European nation is viewed to the rest of the world. Based off of Orwell’s ideas, you should think individually so you won’t regret things later on in life as George and Tim do. Your conscious would show you wrong from right. George Orwell’s ideas can also be applied to â€Å"On the Rainy River†. Although Tim is educated on the war in Vietnam, he does have to deal with his problems in utter silence because he’s afraid that the people he can talk to will tell him to go to the war and he doesn’t want to be called a coward, which takes a toll on his body. â€Å"How at work one morning†¦I felt something break open in my chest†¦it was a physique rupture. † So not only is Tim losing sleep and becoming paranoid, but now the stress is affecting Tim’s physical health as well. If Tim had talked to Elroy Berdahl he would have been much better off. The guilt and stress has been eating away at Tim all summer, and will continue to get at him until he can speak to someone about what he’s going through. If Tim had vented to Elroy, his physical and mental health might have returned to normal, which would have helped him to make his decision. George faces being ill educated along with dealing with his problems. George is an outcast in the native village. He is supposed to be striking fear into these people, however he is against the brutality and injustice that imperialism instills on its subjects. If only George had had the courage to tell the natives who he really was, he might have had an easier time being accepted by them. If George had been better educated, he might have known how to think straight when surrounded by two thousand people; he might have also known where to shoot the elephant so it wouldn’t have to suffer the way it did. To conclude, both Tim and George tried to run away from the inevitable. You can’t escape who you are, and that is what Tim and George tried to do. Tim was an American citizen who was caught up in the draft for the Vietnam War, and George was a citizen of an imperial nation. Tim couldn’t face leaving his friends and family behind so he ended up damaging himself both physically and mentally without even trying to talk this out with his family and friends. While George an anti-imperialist at hear must enforce it upon this Asian country. Both decisions were forced by others whether it is Tim deciding to go to the war due to the devastating fact that if he were to go to Canada, he would never see his family again and if George didn’t shoot that elephant, the tribal people would be more disrespectful than ever. George Orwell wants us to be individuals and think for ourselves. We shouldn’t be influenced by others to make decisions we wouldn’t normally do. How to cite George Orwell Stories Review, Papers

Written Assessment Unemployment Research Essay

Questions: (a) Explain whether there is a relationship between inflation and unemployment. Should government interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment? Provide real life examples. (b) Using your home country as a case study outline and analyse inflation, unemployment and growth trends. Identify what range of the aggregate supply curve your country is operating in. (c)Explain how monetary policycan influence an economy, including the exchange rateand employment levels. Answers : Economics For Today There are just two periods in the world history during which there was a sustained growth in living standards. The first occurred in China between the eighth and the twelfth centuries, where a modest rate of growth took living standards to a level not attained in Europe until the eighteenth century. The Chinese experience demonstrates that the initiation of a growth process does not entail it's continuation indefinitely, in spite of it's early experience of growth, China entered the post-Second World War period as one of the world's poorest countries. Examples Of Real Life The second phase of sustained growth is a very recent phenomenon and began in Europe. A sustained increase in living standards started in Europe some time after 1500, but it was initially very slow. During the first two centuries it averaged only about 0.1 per cent per annum, which translates into a 22 per cent increase in income per capita over the entire period. Economic progress slowly gathered momentum, averaging 0.2 per cent per annum during the 1700-1820 period, while from the early nineteenth century it began to grow by about 1 per cent per annum, allowing for a doubling in the standard of living in seventy years. Growth rates that consistently reached above 1 per cent per annum were only recorded after 1870. Yet the century and a quarter of sustained growth since then has had spectacular effects, transforming life for people in the countries that have stepped on to the growth elevator and creating a yawning gap between the 'haves' and the 'have nots'. The dramatic increase in world inequality is illustrated by the fact that in 1900, average income per head in Western Europe, the USA, and Japan was about five times higher than in Africa; now it is fifteen times higher. Fig. 1.6 uses the Penn World Tables 6.1 square to look at the distribution of average per capita income across countries in the world in 1960 and 2000. GDP per head of the population is measured at constant prices and at purchasing power parity adjusted exchange rates to enable average living standards to be compared across countries. In fig. 1.6, country averages of GDP per capita are measured relative to the United States, i.e. the USA = 1. In 1960 the world's poorest country, Tanzania, had an average per capita GDP level of $382 per annum, while China's was $ 682 and the United States had per capita GDP of $ 12,273. Today, Tanzania is still the world's poorest country at $ 482 per capita GDP while the United States enjoys $ 33,293 per capita GDP. Average growth rate in the United States was about 1.8 per cent per annum from 1870 to 2000. If average growth rate in the USA had been on percentage point from lower over that period, and thus comparable to those achieved by India or Pakistan ( over most of that period), it's per capita GDP in 2000 would have only reached about $ 9,000 which would have a meant a current level of economic performance roughly similar to that of Mexico or Poland. If on the other hand the USA had enjoyed growth rates only one percentage point higher than the actual one, and thus comparable to the average growth rate of Japan or Taiwan for most of that period, it's GDP per capita levels would have been almost four times higher than they are now. These examples illustrate how small differences in growth rates produce large effects in terms of the standard of living when they persist for longperiods of time. Fig. 1.6 shows on the left the frequency distributions of the average GDP per capita of countries of the world in 1960 and 2000, where average GDP is measured relative to the USA (=1). It is immediately obvious that the vast bulk of countries are to be found with levels of average income way below that of the USA. The so called kernel distribution in the right-hand panel is different method of using the same information presented in the histograms on the left. Looking at the right hand panel, we can see the way the world cross-country income distribution has changed between 1960 and 2000. First we notice a bimodal pattern, meaning that it now looks as if it has two peaks at the ends, while in 1960 it had only one. We also notice that the distribution in 2000 is slightly wider than it was in 1960. These are signs that over time as some countries have become richer and others poorer, the world has become increasingly more clustered between rich and poor countries. A different question is what happened to the distribution of income across the peoples of theworld, rather than across countries. In the past twenty years, some of the most populous countries such as China and India have grown faster than the rich countries and this has had the effect of pulling large numbers of people out of poverty. This hints at powerful changes that occurred over the past four decades as the world witnessed both growth miracles and growth disasters, coupled with a profound transformationof the political landscape and the collapse of many African economies under the burden of the AIDS epidemic. The extent of economic inequality between today's world economies becomes even more striking when we are reminded that in the developing world over 790 million people do not have enough food to eat and 1.3 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water. Almost half of the world'spopulation survives on less than $2 a day. In Asia the number of people living in poverty, on less than $ 1 a day, fell from 420 million to around 280 million even when taking into account the financial meltdown of the late 1990s. In Eastern Europe on the other hand the number of people living on less than $ 1 a day has increased by a factor of twenty. Today most of the OECD countries together with some of the Asian economies find themselves at the top of the world's income distribution. In 1960 however we witness Latin American countries like Argentina, Uruguay and Venezuela in the top 25 countries, whereas none are in the top 25 in 2000. Similarly, some Asian countries like China, India, Indonesia and Pakistan that were in the bottom 25 countries in 1960 experienced sufficient growth to move well outside this group. Differences in economic growth rates have ranged from 6 per cent per annum for Taiwan to -1.8 per cent per annum for Zambia and have dictated the winners and losers of the last few decades.losers. In fig. 1.7 we plot the relative per capita incomes of economies in 1960 and 2000 against the 45 degree line. Points that lie relatively close to the diagonal represent countries that have seen very little change in relative living standards over the past few decades compared to the USA. Points that lie above the diagonal represent countries that have experienced positive relative rates of economic growth. The plot also shows that within the cluster of points in the lower left corner, representing the poor countries of the world, many have experienced a deterioration in their relative position. Only very few countries that have had relatively low incomes per capita in 1960 have seen a significant improvement in their relative living standards, and can thus be identified as growth miracles. These form the loose cluster of points to the left of the 45 degree line and include most of the Asian economies but also Botswana, Mauritius, Cyprus and Romania. Countries represented by points to the extreme right of the 45 degree line correspond to economies that have seen a deterioration of their relative position over the past few decades and are thus labeled as growth disasters. Notable examples include Chad, Iraq and Venezuela. Given the varied performance of countries asshown in fig. 1.7, we naturally face the question of what the prospects are for the evolution of the income distribution in the future. Specifically, is there any hope that the world's poorest economies will catch up with the world's richest ones? We construct fig. 1.8 by plotting the growth rate in per capita GDP over the period 1960 to 2000 against the log value of per capita GDP in 1960. This plot is a simple example of an attempt to explore the concept of economic convergence and corresponds to an old economic hypothesis that countries which start off poor ought to grow faster and thus catch up with the richer ones. If the countries that are initially poor are to catch up, there should be a negative relationship in the graph, with countries on the left hand side ( poor at the outset ) having the high growth rates ( located at the top ) and vice versa for countries that are initially rich. We also have plotted the best fit line correspon ding to the sample regression and we observe a small positive slope. However, we should note that the points are widely dispersed, and indeed if we perform a statistical test we obtain the result that the slope parameter is not significantly different from zero. Thus, we cannot confidently conclude that there is divergence on the basis of this data, but there is clearly no sign of convergence across countries. However, if we were to perform the same analysis on sub samples of the data set, such that the countries that we include are relatively similar in terms of their economic, social, political or historical experience we will obtain a strong negative relationship between the growth rate of income and the initial starting position, thus confirming the convergence hypothesis. Employment rates are lower for women and for older people: this is the outcome of a combination of lower participation rates and higher unemployment rates. This is a common feature across the OECD countries. Nevertheless, there are interesting cross-country variations, the shortfall of the women's employment rate below that of men is least in the Nordic countries at around 10 percentage points or less; the shortfall is highest in the catholic southern European countries and Ireland at nearly 30 per cent points or more. For older people aged 55-64, the emolument rate shortfall as compared with those between the ages of 25 and 54 is lowest in Japan and Switzerland and highest in the continental economies of Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands In the light of stylized empirical facts of economic growth we can turn to the theoretical models. One place to begin is to focus on what determines the level of output per worker. In our discussion of the short and medium run, we focused on a single factor of production, labor. We assumed that the amount of capital requirement available to the worker was fixed. When we move tothe long run, we would expect differences in levels of output per worker across countries to depend on the amount of capital equipment available. As we shall see, Humancapital should also be included. Human capital refers to the abilities and skills that people can acquire. The term human capital is used to highlight the analogy with physical capital: investment only takes place if current consumption is sacrificed and resources are devoted to acquiring capital goods instead. Similarly, resources and time must be devoted to the accumulation of human capital through education, training or learning on the job. In addition to the quantity of factors of production available per worker, both technology and efficiency will matter as well GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of the country in an accounting year. If we sum the gross value added of all the firms of the economy in a year, we get a measure of the value if aggregate amount of goods and services produced by the economy in a year. Such estimates called Gross Domestic Product ( GDP) GDP = sum total of gross value added of all the firms in the economy. GDP includes the market value of all the items produced in an economy and sold legally through the markets. It measures the market value of bananas, onions, potatoes, grapes, movies, health care, haircuts, etc. 1. Goods and services: GDP includes both tangible such asfood, cloth, houses, cars, etc and intangible goods such as haircuts, health care and house cleaning. When an individual buys a book from a shop, he is buying a good and it's purchase price is a part of GDP. When an individual pays to hear a music by a famous group he is buying a service, and the ticket price is also a part of GDP. 2. Produced: GDP includes goods and services produced currently. It does not include transaction in goods produced in the past. 3. Within a country: GDP measures the value of production within the domestic territory of a country. When an Indian citizen works in Britain, his production is part of Britain's GDP. Thus, items are included in a country's GDP if these are produced domestically, regardless of the nationality of the producer. 4. In given period of time: GDP measures the value of production that takes place within a specified period of time usually an accounting year. GDP measures the economy's flow of income and expenditure per annum.GDP is the output of all the Indian enterprises located in India and GNP is the output of all the Indian enterprises whether located on India or abroad Steady state growth is characterized by a constant output ratio and constant wage and profit shares in GDP. There is no growth of per capita GDP. A rise in the savings or investments rate or fall in the population growth rate leads to a period during which the GDP per capita grows as a consequence of the increasing capital intensity of a production, but growth dies out because of the role of diminishing return to the capital. The level of output per capita is higher in the steady state is higher, the higher is the savings or investment share, and the lower, the rate of population growth. If the government is able to keep raising the savings or investments rate, there will come a point at which this reduces welfare in the economy, where this is measured by the steady-state level of consumption per head. The savings rate that maximizes consumption per head is known as the golden rule rate. The Solow-Swan model must be modified if it is to be consistent with the stylized fact of steady growth in per capita GDP. This is accomplished by including Harrod-neutral technological progress in the model: i.e. It is assumed that the productivity of labor is enhanced by improvements in technology on the existing capital stock that take place at a constant exogenously given rate. This modification allows for balances growth with rising GDP per capita. The various reasons for unemployment in India are explained below. 1. In India, there have been situations, when economic growth has been sluggish and that is why job opportunities could not be created. Low level of economic growth in three decades from 1950s to 80s could not fetch employment opportunities in the market. The growth in the gross domestic product rose to 11.80 per cent in the year 2003 (in December), and that helped in creation of new job opportunities in the country. In that way economic growth has played an important role in unemployment issues. 2. Due to population pressure in countries like India, Nigeria the unemployment rate fails to keep pace with that. Employment rate does not grow proportionately with population rise. 3. Technological failure also hinders the progress of job creation. Countries which have surplus labour but lesser capital, lesser source of finance, industries which are labour intensive should be given more importance. In the case when capital intensive projects are undertaken it suffers from wastages of human resources. 4. The education system in the country is not practical, and the general education is not relevant for getting jobs. Proper vocational trainings are to be introduced to impart education which is relevant for the job. The International Labour Organization has reported that the unemployment has risen globally from the earlier years. In the year 2013, it moved up to more than 200 million around the world. There has been increase in the number of young jobless people. One of the reasons in such case is that during the crash of financial markets around the world there were employees who lacked in facing such uncertain situation, they lacked in handling such pressure. The company in turn continued buying back its own shares, depending on cash and did not bother for employment creation.Countries like Spain suffer from fiscal crunch; the unemployment rate has been increased from the year 2013, as there has been a 1% growth in GDP over the year. There were shops which are famous brands, outlets of which were closed and to reduce costs companies still do not take more employees which negatively effects the generation of employment in the country. From year 1997 to 2005, Spain has reduced their unemployment rate from 25 per cent to 8 per cent. Growth rate is measured by the GDP growth rate. In the 1990s, the rate of growth was around average 3.5 per cent. The rate was slightly higher than in the year 1980s, the home country growth rate was below the OECD average during the year 1950s and in the year 1960s. As with the US, the home country suffered physical and various other destruction during the World War II, so as the result of war, the post war economic growth of the country was not so high rather it was too slow. By the early 1990s, the GDP had fallen by around 8 per cent which was below the OECD average. In the early 1990s, due to various reform measures, there was a rapid economic growth which was accompanied with the low level of inflation and decline in the level of unemployment. Reform measures included the reduction in the tariff level and various other trade barriers, improving the remuneration and employment condition of employees. These reforms increase the level of productivity in the year 1990s, unlike the U S, the accelerate rate in the home countrys productivity growth was very little in comparison to the growth of information technologies goods, in spite of the fact that the home country is an intensive user of information technologies goods. The growth rate after 1990s showed a relative increase during the 2000s. Monetary policy and its power to control The primary objective of monetary policy is the power to stabilize the booms and depressions occurring around the world of economy around the globe. The framing of this policy determines a huge controlling strength for the government of countries to control the economic instability such as the real interest rates inequality of income in the country as a whole. The government as a part of its policy changes the rates and all to control the system and the working. The monetary policy in the short run affects the inflation rates in the economy as the interest and repo rates affects the intensity of the inflation rates creating economic stability all over. In the country like India it is very important to stabilize the monetary policy as there exists a huge disparity of interest rates and thus it needs to be controlled nicely. Bibliography Head, M. ( 2014). Global unemployment rises above 200 million. World Socialist Website , 1-2. Malln, P. R. (2014). It's A Long Way To Recovery: Spain's Unemployment Rate Remains At 26%, Despite GDP Growth Predictions. International Business Times , 1-4. NINAN, O. A. (2011). Economic growth fails to reduce unemployment. The Hindu , 2-3.

Managing A Personal Computer Essays - Scripting Languages

Managing A Personal Computer Managing A Personal Computer 1.1 The AUTOEXEC.BAT file is one of files which loads every time the computer is booted. It contains command lines and procedures to run programs and load settings for the system's hardware and software configuration. It also may contain command lines procedures to run programs which may clean your system's hard drive of temporary files and viruses. An example of this file is shown below: @ECHO OFF PROMPT $P$G SET PATH=C:\DOS LH C:\SBCD\DRV\MSCDEX.EXE /S /D:MSCD001 /M:8 /V SET BLASTER=A220 I5 D1 T4 SET SOUND=C:\SBPRO C:\MOUSE\MMOUSE.COM The first line of this batch file, @ECHO OFF, is programming command which hides all the command lines procedures from the user. The second line is also a programming command that configures the CUI command prompt. The parameters after PROMPT tell the CUI what to show. The $P stands for current drive and path and $G stands for the greater than sign (>). Apart from those two parameters, a user can add any characters after PROMPT and it'll be shown as the command prompt. The next command configures the CUI to search for files in that directory first before looking in its current location. The SET and PATH command procedures, even though different commands, are used in conjunction to configure CUI environment variables and the parameters displayed after that are what the CUI will search in first. The next command is loading DOS's CD-Rom drive letter allocater (The CD-Rom driver must be loaded first in the CONFIG.SYS). The parameters after the executable file inform the CUI to allocate a particular drive letter for the CD-Rom and also may inform the CUI to allocate extended memory or how to read the CD-Rom in terms of speed and sectors. The LH configures the CUI to load this command procedure in high or extended memory. The next command procedure allocates the Interrupt and Drive Memory allocation for the system's sound card as well as informing the CUI of the sound card's input/output range. The next command procedure informs the CUI to look for all the drivers for the sound card in its parameters which will be a directory on the hard disk. The last command loads the driver for the mouse. This command procedure doesn't need any parameters and is just a single command procedure telling the CUI to load that executable file. 1.2 A Batch File Which Asks For User Input: @echo off cls IF "%1"=="C" GOTO DRIVE IF "%1"=="D" GOTO DRIVE if "%1"=="c" goto drive if "%1"=="d" goto drive echo Please type INSTALL X (Replace X with your hard drive letter) echo eg. INSTALL C goto :quitinstall :DRIVE echo Welcome to the Batch Input Demo written by Leon Douglas. echo. echo Do You wish to continue? choice /n Yes or No cls echo off md %1:\minstall cd %1:\minstall echo off copy a:\inst2.bat inst2 :quitinstall Without going into excessive detail of this batch program, what it is accomplishing is a drive letter to install a program into as well as a yes or no instruction to continue. The first part of the batch file which is in bold is the piece of programming that requires a drive letter to be typed as a parameter to the batch file. It will only recognise C or D as drive letters, whether it be as uppercase or lowercase. If the user does not type a parameter or types a different drive letter other than C or D, the batch file will display a message that states a drive letter is required before continuing. In the second piece of programming which is in italics is what the user will see if they type C or D as a parameter next to the batch file's name as the command procedure. This part of the programming asks the user whether to continue with the installation or not. If the user types anything apart from yes,no,y or n the program will not proceed until the correct parameter is typed. If the user enters the correct parameter the program will proceed to the next step which is shown above in bold and Italics. This part of the batch program makes a directory on the given drive and then copies another batch file from the same location as itself to the directory it created. From here, this batch file terminates after the command procedure is given to start the other batch file. 1.3 Macros That Automate Procedures Within A GUI (Windows) Within Windows 95 there are several ways that procedures can be automatically loaded without the input of a user. The two most common methods are by placing command line procedures as icons within the Startup folder of Windows or by placing the command line procedures in the LOAD= line of the WIN.INI. Another method is by

The Powers of the Prime Minister The WritePass Journal

The Powers of the Prime Minister Introduction The Powers of the Prime Minister IntroductionThe Roles of the Prime MinisterLimits of his powerIs the Prime Minister too powerful?ConclusionRelated Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe and discuss the powers of the British Prime Minister and which implications arise from his position for the government and politics. This essay will consist of three parts. In the first part the main powers of the Prime Minister (PM), currently David Cameron, will be considered. These include his tasks as head of government, the right to select his cabinet and to dismiss ministers, to represent the country abroad and more functions, which will be   explained in more detail below. In the second part the limits of his powers will be illustrated and how effective they are. These will lead to the third section, where it will be discussed whether the Prime Minister is too powerful. The focus will be especially on the argument whether Britain has a more prime ministerial government rather than a Cabinet government. Furthermore a comparison with the powers of the German chancellor is made, and it will be reviewed if the organisation of the office of German Chancellor is a better manner to regulate the powers of the PM. Lastly, it is discussed which reforms are possible to reduce the Prime Ministers powers. The Roles of the Prime Minister As head of the UK government, the PM is probably the most influential person in British politics. To the present day 52 men and one woman have passed through the doors of Number 10 Downing Street as British Prime Minister. The office of the PM is the creation of convention, and the role and the powers conferred on him still depend mainly on convention and political circumstances. His powers are not defined in legislation, instead they evolved as a matter of political expediency and historically evolution. Moreover, it now appears to be a firm convention that the Prime Minister should be a member of the House of Commons. Most of the powers to be discussed derive from the royal prerogative.The royal prerogative is supposed to give the Monarch substantial power as the Head of State. However, the prerogative powers should be understood „not as personal discretionary powers of the Monarchâ€Å", but as „clearly circumscribed constitutional duties to be carried out on the advice of the PM. He is the principal government figure in the House of Commons and has a general authority to intervene in any sphere of government. The Prime Minister controls the central government apparatus in that he decides how the tasks of government should be allocated to departments and whether departments should be created, amalgamated or abolished. Furthermore it is the PM who appoints the members of the Cabinet and „sets the paceâ€Å" of Cabinet activity. He may ask ministers to resign, recommend the Queen to dismiss them or, with their consent, move them to other offices. Lord Atlee has said that an important quality in a Premier is the capacity to dismiss inadequate ministers. The Prime Minister is able to control Cabinet discussions and the process of decision-making by setting the order of business, and may name one of the Cabinet to be Deputy Prime Minister, or first Secretary of State. Therefore the power of appointment is one of the chief ways a Prime Minister keeps his cont rol over his party. By controlling influential committees, the PM can also ensure that he drives the policies of these committees. Accordingly, it can be said that the Prime Minister is in a position to exercise a dominant influence over the Cabinet, having powers that other ministers do not have. The PM customarily holds the titular position of First Lord of the Treasury. His approval is also required for the appointment of the most senior civil servants and important Crown appointments are filled on his nomination, for example, high-ranking members of the Church of England and senior judges. Furthermore, he also has control over the Cabinet Office. The PM, in addition, retains other patronage powers. He still advises the Queen on new peerages, on appointments to the Privy Council and the grant of honours. The Prime Ministers Office supports him in his role as head of government. This includes providing policy advice and ensuring effective communications to Parliament and the public. Most Prime Ministers must take a special interest in foreign affairs, the economy and defence. The Queen is Britain’s head of state, but the PM is Britain’s de facto representative abroad. He often takes a leading role in foreign relations, dealing directly with other heads of gover nment, and is also likely to take the lead on major issues as the national and international response to the crisis in Libya. Another function of the PM is that he is also in a position to dominate if not control the governments communication to the press, and to disclose information about government decisions and the Cabinet business. He has regular meetings with the Queen and is responsible for keeping the Queen informed of the Cabinets handling of affairs. As has become clear above, the PM is involved in all aspects of government in a way that no other government official is, and thus it is safe to say that, despite the limits on his power (see below), the PM can be considered the most influential person in politics. Limits of his power Despite the Prime Ministers emerged position within British politics there are limits to his powers. Firstly, one great limit comes from the party he represents. If the PM loses the support from his partys backbenchers, his position becomes very fragile. Therefore the biggest danger is that a Prime Minister builds up a range of enemies. One example for that is what happened to Margaret Thatcher, when another minister, who disagreed with her policies, put an effective revolt against her style of leadership, which led to her resignation. This means that if the PM loses the support of his party, he will almost always have to resign as PM, as he will not be able to exercise his role effectively. Moreover, all Prime Ministers must include most senior party colleagues in the Cabinet, who could always be some troublemakers, if they dont get the position they would like to have. The PMs powers of appointment are also limited by the need to provide a balance of party views in the Cabinet. Therefore an authoritative leadership of the party is a main factor for a PM to be successful. Additionally there are other ways in which the PMs powers are limited. For instance the fact that he is seen to be publicly responsible for any major mishap that occurs during his time in power. As the most known member of the government, it is he that the public blame when they arent satisfied with politics. Margaret Thatcher was held responsible for the problems in association with the Poll Tax and Tony Blair has been accused of being too friendly with the USA President Bush. This means that the electorate body has the power to remove the PM by way of elections, and so the PM is indirectly also controlled in this way. This is referred to as indirect as the body can not directly stop any decisions the PM makes, but can stop him from continuing in the office of PM when general elections take place by voting for another party. As another limitation can be seen the questioning time on Wednesday, which is an opportunity for the leader of the opposition and other members of the House of Commons to ask the PM supplementary questions on any subject. Therefore he is directly accountable to the Parliament for his actions and decisions. However, the PM will be extensively briefed by government departments in anticipation of likely subjects he could be asked about and they cannot force him to change his engagements. Additionally the European Union has the power to influence government policy by imposing on member states policies. Even though the Conservatives have generally not been very happy with this imposition on the British State, David Cameron still accepted when he became PM that the UK is part of the EU, and that therefore, it has to adhere to certain decisions. He, as PM, had to compromise on this point for him to effectively lead the country. Although the courts have long had the power to determine the existence and extent of a prerogative power, traditionally they have had no power to regulate the manner of its exercise. The position is now governed by the decision of the House of Lords in CCSU v Minister of State for Civil Service (1985). The judiciary placed some restraints on executive use of the royal prerogative. But not every prerogative power is justiciable: matters such as the appointment of Ministers, the disposition of the armed force and the dissolution of Parliament are still beyond judicial control.The justiciability of the prerogative powers could in theory have been a powerful limit on the PMs powers. However, in practice it has shown this was not so, as only limited part of the prerogative powers is in fact justiciable and that there are limits to what extent remedies are available. Also, this limit does not prevent or deter the PM on acting in a particular way, it will only compensate certain groups or p eople after an event has occurred, and so does not even directly affect the PM. As seen above the Prime Minister has big political powers, but this power is also balanced by the fact that there are limitations to that power. Although some of these limitations are really effective, most of the powers of the PM can not easily be influenced. Is the Prime Minister too powerful? In the last 40 years the powers of the Prime Minister within the British political structure have developed to such an extent that some critical politicians and academics now refer to Britain as having a Prime Ministerial government rather than a Cabinet government. He is the „keystone of the Cabinet archâ€Å", occupying a position which is one of the exceptional and peculiar authority. In essence this means that the office of PM is very much attached to the person by which is meant that the individual PM has a discretion in which way to exercise his powers. If the PM is very popular than the limits given above will have very little effect as most of them are heavily dependent on the dislike of and disagreement with the PM and his politics. Recently, more emphasis has been placed on the role of the Prime Minister and less on the Cabinet itself and therefore it is argued that the description of British government simply as „Cabinet governmentâ€Å" had become misleading, for „the country is governed by the Prime Ministerâ€Å". The PM has three main functions, which give him his enormous powers within the British government: being able to appoint and dismiss ministers; by setting the agenda for Cabinet discussions, and by controlling the remit and membership of Cabinet committees. Certainly the way in which these powers are operated naturally differs from one PM to another. This is an immense concentration of power in the hands of the Prime Minister, particularly discharging is one of his ultimate weapons. The argument of prime ministerial dominance seemed to be confirmed by the premiership of Margaret Thatcher. By displacing some important decision-making to informal, ad hoc groups of ministers convened by herself she diminished the role of Cabinet and demonstrated the dominant authority that can be wielded by a PM. As evidence of strengthened prime ministerial control under Mr Blair can be also cited paragraph 9.2 of the Ministerial Code: In order to ensure the effective presentation of government policy, all major interviews and media appearances should be agreed with the No 10 Press Office before any commitments are entered into(). As explained above, therefore the PM is in a position to dominate the governments communication to the press. Another claim of his overwhelming power is that Cabinet meetings are too dominated by the PM. The members of the Cabinet are simply yes-sayers. „With Mr Tony Blair there has been a reversion to a „command and controlâ€Å" premiership with centralised and informal processes of decision-making tending to displace collective discussions in Cabinet and Cabinet committeesâ€Å". Also the doctrine of collective responsibility helps to strengthen the powers of the Prime Minister,   as ministers must not criticise government policy in public. This is underlined by the fact that many decisions of government are not taken by the Cabinet as a whole, but by the Prime Minister in consultation with a few key colleagues. Moreover, there are those who believe that the personality of the Prime Minister is now almost as important as stated party policies. But the implication is that if people vote for personalities as much as issues, then the opponent has no chance of winning the next election as long as the current PMs personality and manner are still popular with the people. All these facts have led some to seek ways to limit or control the power of the PM in order to rehabilitate the Cabinet government. Thus far, it has been established that the PM has great amounts of power and that it seems that   Britain currently has a more prime ministerial government than a Cabinet government. However, to demonstrate whether the PM can be considered as too powerful, it would be best to compare his function with that of the German Federal Chancellor, who has the equivalent role in Germany. Even though the legal foundations of the political systems of the United Kingdom and Germany are very different, the roles of the PM and the Chancellor are in many ways very similar, and so this comparison would be a good way to show how powerful the PM actually is, and whether that could be considered as being too powerful. The German Chancellor is the head of government. Currently this position is held by Angela Merkel of the CDU. The Chancellor determines the guidelines of government policy, so called Richtlinienkompetenz. He is elected every four years by a majority of the members of the Bundestag upon the recommendation of the President. For this election a majority of all elected members of the Bundestag is required, which should ensure to establish a stable government. The Chancellor has the power to choose his ministers and to determines the number of ministries and their responsibilities. Another power is that the Chancellor himself can propose a vote of no confidence.Therefore he can test whether he still enjoys the unlimited support of the governing parties. The powers of the German Chancellor are also limited. Removing the Chancellor from office is an alternative when there is no more political consensus between the parties before a general elections for a new Bundestag.In the German history there have been only three occasions where this happened. This course of action was taken in order to prematurely dissolve the Bundestag, which according to the constitution is otherwise not possible. This ensures that no single party can form a government on its own. Furthermore limitations can be given from decisions of the Federal Constitutional court: It allows the authority and the citizens to present a complaint to abolish a law they found infringing the terms set in Basic Rights. In comparison to the Prime Minister the power to appoint members of high authority, legalise acts and dissolve parliament is vested in the German Bundesprsident. The fifty-year history of the Federal Republic has shown that despite the Chancellors strong position the ability of the government to act cannot be guaranteed by him alone. Even though the Chancellery makes it possible to impose central management and coordination, a non-hierarchical relationship between the Chancellor and his Ministers plays an important role in government practice. In this context the Cabinet deals with important interministerial issues such as the federal budget or tax reform and takes joint decisions on them (principle of joint Cabinet decision-making). In a government coalition the Chancellor is also bound by the terms of the coalition agreement and has to adhere to these terms to avoid straining the coalition. The principle of joint Cabinet decision-making means that the Chancellor and the Ministers decide jointly on matters of general political importance. When there are differences of opinion between Ministers the Chancellor mediates (as a primus inter pares). Cabinet decisions are based on majority rule. The principle of ministerial autonomy means that each Minister conducts the affairs of his ministry independently and on his own responsibility. This means that the Chancellor cannot automatically intervene in his Ministers areas of responsibility. At the same time Ministers must see to it that the decisions they take remain within the limits. As can be seen by this comparison the British PM and the Chancellor in theory have very similar powers, but in practice the PM has a lot more power than the Chancellor as he has more discretion about the execution of these powers. However, before one can say that this means he is too powerful, the effectiveness of the functions of Prime Minister and Chancellor have to be compared. In fact, in the six decades of the Bundestag, there have been only eight Chancellors – a remarkable element of stability. In the same period of time, Britain has had 14 Prime Ministers. In the British parliamentary system usually only has one party in power, because the first-past-the-post system there favours the strongest party. There have only been a few hung parliaments. The latest elections resulted in this, and currently the UK has a coalition government, existing out of the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. In May there will be a referendum to change the voting system, and if the voting system as a consequence of this is in fact changed to one of additional voting, then this might all change. Since Germany has a system of proportional representation for the election of its lower house, no one party has ever had a clear majority in the last 60 years, and for this reason all German governments have been coalitions. Finally, there is the question, which reforms of the PM’s position are could be made, and what their advantages and disadvantages would be. One way of reform would be the limit of the PM’s power to a greater extent to prevent the role of PM to be so attached to the person, and instead to be more like the German Chancellor’s position, whose powers are more controlled by the political process. The House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee recommended that the government should initiate a public consultation about Ministers executive powers, which would include proposals for legislation to provide for greater parliamentary control over all such ministerial powers. Furthermore, changing the way in which Cabinet meetings and decisions are made would be helpful in a similar way. The PM would still lead the Cabinet, but could not unilaterally ignore their opinions and views and would be forced to take them into account. In addition, by giving the PM perhaps also a more mediating role rather than just a leading role, the resources of various departments would come to better use. The PM would by supporting the other ministers in their responsibilities and by organising better co-operation between the different ministerial departments achieve better results. The better these departments function with each other, the less dependent they would be on the PM, and in that way his power would be limited. In my opinion the rules regarding the operation of parliament and its processes should be clearer as they would provide for another method of limiting the PM’s power. It can also be argued that the entire office of the PM should codified in a statute. The move away from an unwritten constitution – with statutory provisions – limits the PMs scope,for example an Act of Parliament which states that there has to be a PM, how and who should be appointed for the role, and what the powers attached to this position would be. Lastly, the changing of the voting system might lead to far reaching consequences for the office of PM, as explained above. However, at this point, this is all theory as the referendum still has to take place, and even if it takes place, it might show people do not wish a change in the voting system. Even if it does, the politicians will still first have to act on this before anything changes. As this should make clear there are ways in which the position of the Prime Minister can be reformed in a way that will limit his power to the extent that he is no longer too powerful, but still powerful enough to carry out his function in an appropriate way. Conclusion The British Prime Minister has extensive personal power, which prevent there from being an „averageâ€Å" Prime Minister. The power of the PM will change according to the personality of the PM, his popularity, the success of his government, external circumstances and the resources of other actors within the core executive.James Barber argued that by putting the three factors together – constitutional and political frameworks, circumstance and personality – the picture that emerges is one of fluctuating powers, whereby sometimes a PM may appear to have presidential-like position, and at others he is subject to obvious constraints. All these things will have an important effect on how powerful the PM is. As written above, there are some possibilities in which way his power can be reduced and more controlled, and in that way to achieve a â€Å"Cabinet government† rather than a prime ministerial government. The PM should not be a presidential figure, but able to lead the Cabinet and ensure that decisions are made. Bibliography Books: Bogdanor, Vernon _The New British Constitution, 2009 The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century, 2004_____Bradley, A. W. / Ewing, K. D._Constitutional Administrative Law, 15th ed. 2010__Brazier, Rodney_Constitutional Texts – Materials on Government and the Constitution, 1990 Constitutional Reform – Reshaping the British political system __Hilaire, Barnett_Constitutional Administrativ Law, 6th ed.__Loveland, Ian_Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights – A critical introduction, 2006. __Maurer/ Hartmut_Staatsrecht I – Grundlagen, Verfassungsorgane, Staatsfunktionen, 3th ed__Oliver, Dawn_Government in the United Kingdom, 1991__Parpworth, Neil_Constitutional and Administrative Law, 5th ed. 2008__Turpin, Colin / Tomkins, Adam_British Government and the Constitution, 6th ed. 2007__ Articles: Benn, article in Parliamentary Affairs,  1990. Theakston / Kevin – Prime Ministers and the Constitution, in Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 58   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No.1, 2005, 17-37. Heffernan, article in Parliamentary Affairs,  2005. Hennessy, article in Parliamnetary Affairs, 2005

Why Dead Fish Float Upside Down

Why Dead Fish Float Upside Down If youve seen dead fish in a pond or your aquarium, youve noticed they tend to float on the water. More often than not, theyll be belly up, which is a dead giveaway (pun intended) youre not dealing with a healthy, living fish. Have you ever wondered why dead fish float and live fish dont? It has to do with fish biology and the scientific principle of buoyancy. Key Takeaways Dead fish float in water because decomposition fills the fishs gut with buoyant gases.The reason fish typically go belly up is because the spine of the fish is more dense than its belly.Healthy living fish dont float. They have an organ called a swim bladder that regulates the amount of gas present in the body of a fish and thus its buoyancy Why Living Fish Don't Float To understand why a dead fish floats, it helps to understand why a live fish is in the water and not on top of it. Fish consist of water, bones, protein, fat, and a smaller amount of carbohydrates and nucleic acids. While fat is less dense than water, your average fish contains a higher amount of bones and protein, which makes the animal neutrally buoyant in water (neither sinks nor floats) or slightly more dense than water (slowly sinks until it gets deep enough). It doesnt require much effort for a fish to maintain its preferred depth in the water, but when they do swim deeper or seek shallow water they rely on an organ called a swim bladder or air bladder to regulate their density. How this works is that water passes into a fishs mouth and across its gills, which is where oxygen passes from the water into the bloodstream. So far, its a lot like human lungs, except on the outside of the fish. In both fish and humans, the red pigment hemoglobin carries oxygen to cells. In a fish, some of the oxygen is released as oxygen gas into the swim bladder. The pressure acting on the fish determines how full the bladder is at any given time. As the fish rises toward the surface, the surrounding water pressure decreases and oxygen from the bladder returns to the bloodstream and back out through the gills. As a fish descends, water pressure increases, causing hemoglobin to release oxygen from the bloodstream to fill the bladder. It allows a fish to change depth and is a built-in mechanism to prevent the bends, where gas bubbles form in the bloodstream if pressure decreases too rapidly. Why Dead Fish Float When a fish dies, its heart stops beating and blood circulation ceases. The oxygen that is in the swim bladder remains there, plus decomposition of the tissue adds more gas, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. Theres no way for the gas to escape, but it presses against the fishs belly and expands it, turning the dead fish into a sort of fish-balloon, rising toward the surface. Because the spine and muscles on the dorsal side (top) of the fish are more dense, the belly rises up. Depending on how deep a fish was when it died, it might not rise to the surface, at least not until decomposition really sets in. Some fish never gain sufficient buoyancy to float and decay under the water. In case you were wondering, other dead animals (including people) also float after they start to decay. You dont need a swim bladder for that to happen. Sources Chapin, F. Stuart; Pamela A. Matson; Harold A. Mooney (2002). Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-95443-0.Forbes, S.L. (2008). Decomposition Chemistry in a Burial Environment. In M. Tibbett; D.O. Carter. Soil Analysis in Forensic Taphonomy. CRC Press. pp. 203–223. ISBN 1-4200-6991-8.Pinheiro, J. (2006). Decay Process of a Cadaver. In A. Schmidt; E. Cumha; J. Pinheiro. Forensic Anthropology and Medicine. Humana Press. pp. 85–116. ISBN 1-58829-824-8.

Discussion 1 Week 6 Corporate-level Strategies Assignment

Discussion 1 Week 6 Corporate-level Strategies - Assignment Example The merger could increase tendencies for dependencies between the corporate partners. As such, two examples which would illustrate the manner in which each company would avoid risks of dependency are as follows: (1) one company could replicate a successfully implemented business model in new market segments within the industry (Hill and Jones); and (2) the corporate partner could differentiate its products (or services) by focusing on core competencies which appeal to their clientele. For instance, offering exemplary customer service through acknowledging loyal clients by name recognition or provision of perks and freebies. 2. From e-Activity, determine the fundamental drawbacks associated with horizontal integration. Suggest another corporate-level strategy that could redefine the Southwest business model and thus allow the company to increase its competitive advantage within a changing industry environment. Provide a rationale to support your response. The fundamental drawbacks associated with horizontal integration include being exposed to coming into conflict with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) for potential violations of anti-trust laws which undermine fair competition. In addition, customers’ interests and purchasing power could also be jeopardized if major companies within the industry engage in horizontal integration and control or dictate market prices. As such, another corporate-level strategy that could redefine the Southwest business model and allow the company to increase its competitive advantage within the changing airlines industry is the application of vertical integration. Southwest could look into improving scheduling (queuing of airline routes to facilitate speed in the number and volume of flights). The strategy would assist in minimizing costs, as well as improving customer satisfaction through speed within which services

Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modernity - Essay Example They have sought to find out the ways through which modernity could get transformed into an ideal feature, rather than following the path of returning to the idealized past. Marx’s perception regarding modernity was built up by three developments – the French revolution of 1989, and 1848, and the French theorists; the industrial and agricultural revolution in Great Britain and the economists of Britain; and finally decline of Churches credibility. He actually tries to make some projection regarding what kind of shape all these developments will take in future. Very often it is perceived by many economists and politicians that Marx’s analysis of capitalism is mainly based on the experience of the textile industry the Manchester. According to Marx capitalism has lead the way to ultimate modern society, which can also be termed as stateless communism. According to Marx modern world has also taken its birth through class struggle. Marx treated the classes in the society as the agents of social change. The determinants are nothing but the organization of production. This kind of assumption stemmed from the consideration of some philosoph ical ideas in the very early days. In past, each society no matter whatever be it form – tribal, feudal or capitalists, was characterized by how its member used produce their basic needs for living. Each society had a tradition of creating a ruling class and a subordinate class on the basis of the mode of production they used. Since it’s impossible for any individual to live without work, and to propagate his own style, each individual has a tendency to enter into relationships with other and form family. People use different tools to fulfill their needs, and as old needs get satisfied, new needs arise and along with it, there also arise the need for improving or inventing new technique of production. This kind of technological innovation results in division of labor which affects societal arrangements too. Division

Mahindra project report Essay Example for Free

Mahindra project report Essay After concrete efforts of our Management, the students of Kohinoor Management School got this esteemed opportunity to have an Industrial visit to a prestigious company like Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. We appreciate the efforts of the management of KMS MM for executing this successful Industrial trip. Introduction to Mahindra: Mahindra Mahindra Limited is the flagship company of the Mahindra Group, a multinational conglomerate based in Mumbai, India. The company was set up in 1945 in Ludhiana as Mahindra by brothers K. C. Mahindra and J.C. Mahindra. Mahindra Mahindra is a major automobile manufacturer of tractors, utility vehicles, passenger cars, pickups, commercial vehicles; its tractors are sold on six continents. It has acquired plants in China and the United Kingdom, and has three assembly plants in the USA. MM has a global presence and its products are exported to several countries. Its global subsidiaries  include Mahindra Europe Srl. based in Italy, Mahindra USA Inc., Mahindra South Africa and Mahindra (China) Tractor Co. Ltd. MM is one of the leading tractor brands in the world by volume. It is also the largest manufacturer of tractors in India with sustained market leadership of over 25 years. It designs, develops, manufactures, and markets tractors as well as farm implements. The Journey Begins†¦. We reached the Mahindra plant at Kandivali, Mumbai. We headed to the Conference room and were briefed about the Company by a presentation on the leadership and the entire group of MM followed by the Q A Session which lasted for an hour. The honors were done none other than Mr. Shirish Tawde, the Deputy General Manager (DGM) of the Company. Accompanying him were Mr. Kishor Sonawane (Manger Business Excellence), Rajendra Sawant (Sr. Manager Business Excellence), Mr. Mahesh Dalvi (Manager Business Excellence, Sector Sustainability). With such dignitaries explaining us the world of MM, we were just as grateful. This plant mainly deals in manufacturing of Tractors and Farm Equipments. The plant is one of the oldest manufacturing plants in the production of tractors in India. After decades in leading the tractor sector MM have diversified into the roots of farming and have positioned themselves in the Farm Sector. After being briefed through the introduction of MM plant, we were about to explore the India’s most Prestigious Companies. We were divided into 2 groups of 15 people so as to have individual attention . We visited 3 units of the plant right from examination of engine parts, assembling of engine and main manufacturing of tractors. They manufacture 2,00,000 tractors annually. The FES contributes 35% market share. Hands on approach to Production (where theory meets practical): Each Group was taken separately and explained functioning of the plant. A lot of theory is learnt is class regarding how the manufacturing units focus on Total Productivity, Total Quality, Zero Defect, etc†¦but by far this was the  first hands on experience on how does a Manufacturing unit or plant works. Here we are explained about how the assembly line manufacturing process works. This section of the plant deals with the installation of the main engine of the tractor. In this picture we are introduced to how the stations work in co-ordination to get optimum results. In the pictures below, the students are taken through a complete channel of stations on the assembly station and the supervisor explaining each of this complicated process. The lag or lead time is calculated and each one at every station tries to improve on it so as to reduce the time effect in assembling each engine. The units where tractors are manufactured in assembly lines follow Total Quality Management (TQM) and Total Productivity Management (TPM). Every sub-unit contributes to the production. They avoid material handling losses with pulleys and fork-lifts. All these techniques add value to the production. Indeed there is no surprise they improve their quality and reduce time with ever unit of production of tractor. Here, we are shown how the final tractors are put in place Students Opinion: Kohinoor Management School gave us the Golden Opportunity to visit the Mahindra and Mahindra plant at Kandivali. It was a great experience to know the organization internally. They are successful enough to balance between Business Excellence and Individual Dignity. Their main focus on farm tech prosperity is what like me a lot, as agriculture is the base of the Indian Economy. -Pratibha Shinde. Visit to the M M was an eye-opener. The journey unfolded various aspect of the tractor division. Starting from the nuts and bolts, the engine, to the massive structure which forms the backbone of the Indian farms and agricultural sector. The gains or the take away from the visit were splendid. The use of Japanese technology in the assembly line, the step by step process layout, the plan B; the vision of always staying ahead were the insights. Lots of management mantras were demonstrated and inculcated. A great learning and an honour to see the invasion of the GREAT INDIAN TRACTOR DIVISION. -Yogendra Joshi. It was my first Industrial visit to any manufacturing plant and enjoyed every bit of it. To be a part of such an esteemed organization and having a look through all their process was an intriguing experience after all. -Shraddha Salunke On behalf of all the Management and the students we take this opportunity to thank the entire team of Mahindra and Mahindra for providing us with the practical information and well as wonderful hospitality. We take moment to offer our greetings to the entire Mahindra and Mahindra team.

Creation Mythology of Africa Essay -- Myths Africa African Essays

Creation Mythology of Africa One way of examining the values and traditions of a people is to look at their explanations for how the world came to be. These stories make such wonderful tools for analysis because all cultures have some sort of ‘creation’ story. Thus to compare groups of people we may start by looking at their creation mythology. It is important to note that the downfall of comparing mythologies is that in a way it is like comparing apples to oranges. This is because not every myth portrays and explains the same elements. Five myths from throughout Africa will be mentioned throughout this essay. They are from the Boshongo, Mande, Shilluk, Egyptian, and Yoruba peoples. For a brief description of these myths please see the appendix. Please remember that these myths do not represent the beliefs and stories of all of Africa. In each of these stories, the tale of creation has been presented with a unique twist. Yet there are several important similarities among the various myths. Besides explaining creation, there is always one major creator. However, in some stories such as that of the Boshongo, the creator had helpers whereas in the Shilluk tale, Juok worked alone. In the Boshongo myth, Bumba creates nine animals and mankind. Then these animals and Bumba's three sons worked together creating everything else. In the Shilluk tale, obviously everything is related somehow because everything shares the same creator. Even in other stories where the creator has helpers, however, all of these helpers were made by the creator and thus everything is still connected. In all of these stories, mankind is created by a more powerful being. This represents the belief that... ...rican Cosmogony.† http://alexm.here.ru:8081/mirrors/www.enteract.com/jwalz/Eliade/051.html. taken from: Leach, Maria. The Beginning. New York: 1656. pages 145-6. â€Å"Creation Myths.† http://www.dreamscape.com/morgana/ophelia.htm. January 8, 2001. Crystal, Ellie. â€Å"African Creation Myths.† http://www.crystalinks.com/africacreation.html. August 1995. â€Å"Egyptian Creational Myths.† http://www.crystalinks.com/egyptcreation.html. August 1995. â€Å"Egyptian Cosmogony and Theogony.† http://alexm.here.ru:8081/mirrors/www.enteract.com/jwalz/Eliade/054.html. taken from: Piankoff, Alexandre. The Shrines of Tut-ankh-amon. New York: 1955. page 24. â€Å"Life and Death Under the Pharaohs – the Gods.† http://icvc.imago.com.au/egypt/html/the_gods.html. 1998. â€Å"West African Cosmogony.† http://www.fandm.edu:80/departments/Anthropology/Bastian/ANT269/cosmo.html. 1999.

Internet Phishing Essay

Internet Phishing is the 21st century crime with stories running all over the globe on how victims are succumbing to this attack. While the people carrying out this task, have continually developed more sophisticated methods of crime, while on the other hand, businesses have been continuously searching for solutions on how to protect their customers’ personal data and increase their email security. While most of the organizations around the world are battling for better and safer solutions, most of them are taking intermediary steps to prevent phishing. This paper intends to discuss the technologies and security flaws that are used by Phishers to exploit data. Along with this, the some neutral advise is also presented on how to combat the growing issue of Phishing. The word â€Å"phishing† initially comes from the equivalence that early Internet criminals used email lures to â€Å"phish† for passwords and economic data from a group of Internet users. The use of â€Å"ph† in the terminology is partly lost with time and has been most likely associated with other hacking words like â€Å"Phreaks† which traces back to early hackers who were involved in â€Å"phreaking† _ the hacking of telephone systems. Phishing makes use of most of the popular internet communication channels, spoofed messages in order to lure victim into their trap in order to steal the electronic identity of the victim. Phishing is related to the act of tricking customers with their confidential information for despicable use. Phishing targets the use of mass emails like Spam and most often make the use of bots to automatically target victims. Any online business may find Phishers masquerading as them and targeting their customer base. The size of the organization does not matter much over here but it is the value of the information that is reaped by such types of attacks. There has been an escalating amount of increase in the number of phishing attacks and now the Phishers attack an audience size in the range of millions of users around the world. These email addresses have been found at the large online retail websites where internet users tend to submit their email id’s at the click of a mouse. Some of these websites have also been found to be fake and illegal which allow the Phishers to easily fool the users into submitting their personal information very easily before identifying any kind of safety issues. While the method of Spam was quite annoying and burdensome, Phishing has the potential to directly attack the important data and create losses due to illegal currency transfers. As the study suggests, over 57 million internet users in the United States have already identified the links in their emails to phishing scams. An astounding number of 1. 7 million people have already fallen prey to these phishing attacks and have been tricked into submitting their personal information. According to R James, â€Å"With various experts extolling proprietary additions or collaborative improvements to core message delivery protocols such as SMTP, organizations may feel that they must wait for third-party fixes to become available before finding a solution to Phishing. While the security failures within SMTP are indeed a popular exploit vector for Phishers, there are an increasingly array of communication channels available for malicious message delivery. † With time, the concept of Phishing has increased by many folds and now Phishers are luring the victims by a variety of ways to divulge their personal as well as financial information. Fake websites, installation of Trojan horse key-loggers and screen captures, and man-in-the-middle data proxies are some of these tools used by Phishers. These websites also include job sites and even lucrative job offers. People who are looking for huge amounts money on the internet within a short span of time, are the ones who are lured easily on these websites. These users open up a bank accounts and use this bank account to receive money and then transferring this money to their own personal bank accounts. These websites actually lure the victims by making them perform a number of safe looking actions that ultimately provides access to the user’s personal account information. Most of the communication channels that are most popularly used on the interne such as email, landing pages, IRC, messaging systems, are also used freely for the purpose of Phishing. In these cases, the phisher has to imitate a faithful source for the victim to believe. Till date the most successful of the phishing scams have been done with the help of emails. In these scams the Phisher copies some sending authority (e. g. spoofing the source email address and embedding appropriate corporate logos). For example, an internet user recives an email from an email address like support@bank. com and the email contains the subject line â€Å" security update† and contains a request as to validate their personal account information in order to stop a security threat that has been initiated on their account. After reading this emails, over 70% of the internet users would be willing to send their personal account information in order to get verified by contacting the email sender and requesting them to cancel the order or the transaction. After this the phisher now asks them to divulge their personal information and thus easily lures the victim into his trap. Countering the Threat As already stated above there are a number of phishing methods that can be used by the Phishing community. To combat these threats, there are a mix of information security technologies and techniques that are available for the internet users in order to safeguard their personal data from Phishing scams. For the best results and safety, these safety measures should be put onto the three logical layers of the system in question.

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay

In America, English is the national language. However, with many different cultures and ways of life, everyone doesn’t speak the same English. In the north, people tend to speak clearly and to some this is correct. In the south, people tend to tie their words together and to some this is incorrect. Ultimately, the question is, is what is good language what is bad and what causes the two. In Orewell’s piece, he criticizes the English language starting from the teachers who teach us on to the authors who entertain us. He emphasizes how bad language begins with those to people and their bad habits. He also stresses that if we â€Å"remain strong in this fight against bad English† then we will soon overcome the bad habits and whatnot. Orewell talks about dying metaphors and usage of words that aren’t in layman term. He suggests that when authors use common metaphors and uncommon scientific words, they are writing incorrectly. Consequently, readers and other writers are reading, writing, and learning incorrectly. In my opinion, Orewell’s essay was not efficient in any way. He was nothing short of a hypocrite doing what they do best. He speaks of creative writing and original methapors, but he uses neither. He speaks of using cumbersome words that nobody relates to, yet the majority of his essay was written as if he spoke old English. He doesn’t follow any of the rules that he strongly suggests will bring us out of this fight of bad English. He’s setting no example for the so-called unrightfully successful authors and novice writers. The English language has many different meanings, expressions, causes and effects. So many, that there can no be one specific person determining which are the most perfect. As stated before different regions of the U.S. determine how those people talk, so unconsciously people read and write the way they speak. Many authors use metaphors to allow the audience to better relate to the message their relaying. Many authors use scientific and uncommon words to help broaden their readers vocabulary and to expose them to more than they knew before reading their piece. These critical readers  pick up dictionaries and thesauruses and begin to further explore the language they’re so familiar with. Orewell is neither the most qualified nor perfect person to suggest how authors should write. After all, no on is criticizing his piece and how it negatively drew the audience in. If he is criticizing the way English is taught then he’s ultimately criticizing the way people interpret. Many people are doing just fine without Orewell’s negative views of the English language.

Pride and Prejedice character essays

Pride and Prejedice character essays In Jane Austin's novel, Pride and Prejudice, the character portrayed by Mr Darcy embodies many of the values, personality traits, manners, and attitudes that were considered admirable in the period in which novel was set. Initially, his character is decided as proud with a cold demeanour and had he not been rich, hardly worth being acquainted with. Elizabeth's re evaluation of his character later on in the novel, reveals the generosity, respect and dignity that the reader comes to know of Mr Darcy. By comparing Mr Darcy with a comic character such as Mr Collins the reader develops an awareness of the admirable qualities possessed by a man in the eighteenth century. Mr Collins is a self important, tiresome character in whom the reader feels no pity. His absurd attitudes towards love and life can not be likened to our own. Mr Darcy's cold manner is evident from the first dance where his strong face of pride disguises his character. His determination to be distant and unreproachable lost the good opinion of the Bennets when he considered it beneath himself to dance. "...at such an assembly as this, it would be insupportable...I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men." (p59) He was prejudice in his views of Elizabeth, as he believed it would be against his morals to be intimately acquainted with a woman of her status and low connections. He tries to shut out any possible feeling for her. "To this discovery came succeeded some others equally mortifying... he was forced to acknowledge her figure to be light and pleasing... her manners were not of the fashionable world, he was caught by their easy playfulness." (p70) The use of the words 'mortifying', 'forced' and 'caught' confirms to the reader that his positive comments were from his heart although h is reason and pride rejected the ideas. Through Jane Austin's use of direct and indirect ...

Inverted Pyramid Method of Organization in Newswriting

Inverted Pyramid Method of Organization in Newswriting The inverted pyramid became a standard form in American newspapers early in the 20th century, and variations on the form remain common today in news stories, press releases, short research reports, articles, and other forms of expository writing. It is a method of organization in which facts are presented in descending order of importance. Examples of Inverted Pyramid Composition The concept behind the inverted pyramid format is relatively simple. The writer prioritizes the factual information to be conveyed in the news story by importance. The most essential pieces of information are offered in the first line, which is called the lead (or summary lead). This usually addresses the so-called five Ws (who, what, when, why, and where). Thus, the reader is able to ascertain the key elements of the story immediately. The writer then provides the rest of the information and supporting contextual details in descending order of importance, leaving the least essential material for the very end. This gives the completed story the form of an inverted pyramid, with the most important elements, or the base of the story, on top. Opening With the Climax If the essence of the story is its climax, then a proper inverted pyramid places the storys climax in the lead or opening sentence. The most important elements of a well-written news article thus appear in the lead, the very first sentence of the story. Cutting From the Bottom The inverted pyramid style in newspaper writing was developed because editors, adjusting for space, would cut the article from the bottom. We can write the same way in a magazine article. . . .We add details as we enlarge the article. So the weight is like an inverted pyramid, with the details of lesser importance at the end of the article.For example, if I write, Two children were injured when fire swept through the First Community Church, Detroit, Michigan, on May 10. The fire is believed to have started from unattended candles. Thats complete, but a lot of details can be added in succeeding paragraphs. If space is tight, an editor can cut from the bottom and still save the essential elements. Using the Inverted Pyramid in Online Writing The inverted pyramid structure, typically used in newspaper writing, is also appropriate for long narrative text in online technical documents. Use this structure to organize paragraphs and sentences within a section of narrative text. To create an inverted pyramid structure, follow these guidelines: Use clear, meaningful headings or lists at the beginning of a topic.Create separate paragraphs or topics to emphasize important points.Do not bury your main point in the middle of a paragraph or topic. Sources Robert A. Rabe, Inverted Pyramid. Encyclopedia of American Journalism, ed. by Stephen L. Vaughn. Routledge, 2008Bob Kohn,  Journalistic Fraud. Thomas Nelson, 2003Roger C. Palms, Effective Magazine Writing: Let Your Words Reach the World. Shaw Books, 2000Sun Technical Publications, Read Me First!: A Style Guide for the Computer Industry, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, 2003

Ride along with a Police Officer Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ride along with a Police Officer - Term Paper Example After checking the vehicle registration, the driver would then be requested to provide the driver’s license. The police officer would then request the driver to step out of the car as he communicates to the station confirming the arrest of the traffic offenders. Moreover, we could sometimes ask random cars to pull over hence checking their vehicle condition and their registration numbers. If the vehicle is found to be in bad condition, or the registration expired, the driver would be asked to accompany the police officer to the station. Even though the night was lonely and boring, I got the chance to interact with Officer Ottey. He explained that he has been in the police force for about 5 years. With a smile on his face, I could tell he was proud to be a police officer. Officer Ottey’s father and grandfather were both police officers who died in the line of duty hence he had to join the police in honor of his father and grandfather. Apart from the police is a well-paying job, the officer explained that he is proud to be of service to the society. In the course of our discussion, I found out that the police are one of the diligent and humble people in the society. They are trained to exercise humility and patience when handling criminals. In their department, every police officer is treated with respect from their department heads and their seniors. This is because the training of the police instills discipline and respect to the colleagues and other members of the society. After the lengthy explanations, I was curious to know the qualifications for one to join the police academy. Officer Ottey explained that a person willing should be above eighteen years of age and must possess a high school diploma. In addition, some states require 60 college credits with a clean criminal record for the last 5years.