Supporting a Smoking Ban Essay - 911 Words

Smoking I am writing an essay about smoking and whether or not you smoke I would like to share my views with you. As well as my views I will also explain the views of others who support smoking. I chose this subject because it is something that really annoys me. My opinion is against it, especially in public places. My reasons are that it harms the smoker and others. Other people feel that smoking is not a bad thing and support it. My opinion of those people is that they are probably all smokers. My first argument against smoking is health. The health problems caused by smoking are serious and numerous. There is clear evidence here! Heart attacks, strokes, emphysema, abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute myeloid leukaemia, cataracts,†¦show more content†¦can kill babies, they have small lungs and are very vulnerable so if you are smoking in a room with your baby, it could die because of you. Thirdly, smoking in public places should be illegal in the whole of the UK. At the moment it is banned in Scotland, as many people suffer from passive smoking. It is still not yet banned in England but will be soon, however, many people are still suffering due to this. 12% of house fires are caused by smoking. If someone is smoking in bed and they fall asleep, if they drop their cigarette they could set their bed, their room, their house on fire and when they woke up they would be stuck. Smoking kills, in more ways than one. It is really annoying and makes you feel ill when someone comes in smelling of smoke. There are arguments for smoking, one of them being that lots of people who work in places that make cigarettes would be made redundant and poor. They would also be sad and it can be hard to find a new job. People who smoke would not be able to buy cigarettes so they would be depressed as cigarettes help them relax. Furthermore, many people rely on smoking to get them through the day. Many people are addicted to the nicotine after only four cigarettes. Therefore giving up would be very difficult. Smokers smoke because they enjoy the feeling and believe that it is their choice and nobody should take that away from them. ?Nicotine is a powerfully addictive drug. The smoker is in aShow MoreRelatedEssay about Smoking In Public Places Should be Banned766 Words   |  4 Pages Do you mind people smoking around you in public places? According to the pro-smoking group Air Initiative 7 in 10 of you do. Do you think it is fair to discriminate against smokers, forcing them to stand outside and smoke? On the other hand is it fair that non-smokers should have to inhale second hand smoke which can dame their health? (Do you support this ban or do you oppose it?) Personally I oppose it as I believe that non-smokers shouldn’t be subjected to a smoky environment on a night out.Read MoreCigarettes And Long Term Health Effects984 Words   |  4 Pagescigarettes and long term health effects or smoking related illnesses. The case in India had the government engaged in a dialogue and democratic debate on if they wanted to create an advertising ban on cigarettes. They wanted to prevent undue influence on thei r youth to take up smoking and in so doing save their lives or possible future health care expenditures. To help support their position for doing so they studied the effects that bans on advertising smoking had on other countries. AccordingRead MoreThe Ban Of The Tobacco Advertising1084 Words   |  5 Pagestobacco marketing and the usage of tobacco impacting their economy and population. The Government of India proposed bans on tobacco advertising leading to arguments for and against, it is however important to analyze both sides those in favor an those against, and any conflicts of interest that may be involved. Taking a closer look at those in favor of the tobacco advertising bans there are several factors to be considered. The Government of India wasn’t the first country to deliberate over suchRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?845 Words   |  4 PagesThe smoking population in London stands around 1.2 million and with such a significant percentage of this city with the habit, it is unsurprising the ban has caused such wide controversy. Without hesitation, I add my voice to the chorus of non-smokers who think this ban goes too far. However, I am not saying that smoking is in any way good as I am extremely aware of the gruesome health risks and unattractive photos of black lungs and lopsided livers that litter the media. I just ask of you Britain;Read MoreThe Ban Of Tobacco Product Advertising947 Words   |  4 Pagesan ex-smoker and smoked for over 15 years of my life before I quit. There are many good reasons to quit smoking but smoking always my choice. I have seen many differ ent regulations applied and experienced the pressures of graphic pictures on packs of cigarettes that are designed to influence your desire to quit personally. Is it ethically okay to ban smoking advertising? Supporting the Ban There are easily many reasons to support the banning of advertisement of tobacco products. The obvious reasonsRead MoreA Government And A Tobacco Company1003 Words   |  5 Pages(ICMR), 2001). Those in favor of the ban cite the French who stated that Tobacco advertising ban was to protect public health. They also, state the World Health Organization’s (WHO) death toll numbers. These numbers show that tobacco products are one of the leading causes of death in the world are continuing to grow. People who are in favor of the banning of advertising for tobacco products use a World Bank report that shows a substantial decline in smoking when ban of advertising in enacted for allRead MoreEffects of Banning Smoking Advertising Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Banning Smoking Advertising Cigarettes are some of the most abused drugs in the world and the effects associated with smoking have greatly influenced the intervention of health professionals concerning the legality of smoking advertisements. Ethical and legal issues have come up over the essence of restricting or completely banning cigarette advertising to reduce the number of affected individuals. Cigarettes have since time immemorial been established to cause a wide range of infectionsRead MoreTobacco And Its Effects On The United States1061 Words   |  5 Pagesfliers in packs of cigarettes. In 2001, The Government of India decided to ban the advertising of cigarettes. This ban was created to help the youth of India and hoped to reduce the amount of future smokers. The proposal of this restriction caused debates between the government, advertising companies, and tobacco manufacturers. The supporting and dismantling arguments for these ethical and commercial causes of the ban have enabled the government to make their final decision. The Government ofRead MoreIndian Ban On Tobacco Advertisements1469 Words   |  6 PagesINDIAN BAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTS IN FAVOUR According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco accounted for over 3 million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million in 1998. It is estimated that tobacco related deaths would rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and to 10 million in about 2030. Internal industry documents released in the United States, described 14 – 24 year olds as â€Å"tomorrow’s business†. However, a study on tobacco consumption and employment, showed that effective policiesRead MoreSmokers’ Social Responsibility: Supporting Cigarette Ban in Outdoor Areas1011 Words   |  5 PagesSmokers’ Social Responsibility: Supporting Cigarette Ban in Outdoor Areas Audience: Smokers in the city Genre: An article in local newspaper Results of many researches have proven that concentrations of tobacco smoke in outdoor areas possess the risk to individuals, kids and environment. Even cigarette butts are equally hazardous for environment and many creatures, especially in sea. Therefore, the recently laid ban on smoking in outdoor area in our city is a good move. However, the support of

George Orwell Stories Review Free Essays

In the story â€Å"On the Rainy River† a 20-year old named Tim O’Brien is about to be given the freedom to go anywhere in life until he receives a draft notice requiring him to join the army in the Vietnam War. Tim O’Brien is tested both physically and mentally. He has the option to flee to Canada or go to the war. We will write a custom essay sample on George Orwell Stories Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each option would result in abandoning family, friends, and fond memories. In his essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† reminisces about a bad decision he made earlier in life, just like Tim. Reflecting on his experience, Orwell has also identified the reasons why he did it: â€Å"I could get nothing into perspective. I was young and ill-educated and I had to think out my problems in utter silence,† Tim O’Brien also dealt with his problems alone, â€Å" I felt isolated; I spent a lot of time alone. † Both Tim and George are struggling to deal with their problems and it’s eating away at them. In â€Å"On the Rainy River,† having a good education doesn’t have much on an impact on Tim’s life, because if your nation calls on you to defend your country, you’re going to have to make a difficult decision on whether you’re going to flee or going to war. Being educated makes Tim more open-minded, and prevents him from indulging in the nationalism that was sweeping the nation during that time. Although Tim may have good reasons we shouldn’t be in the war, the nation was depending on men like him. In â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† George Orwell says â€Å" †¦I could get nothing into perspective. I was young and ill-educated and I had to think out my problems in the utter silence that is imposed on every Englishman in the East. † George Orwell is trying to say that when you’re young and inexperienced you’re bound to make a lot of mistakes. When you’re young your family, peers, and own country have influenced your opinions. Many individuals are afraid and unwilling to deviate from the norm. George is an anti-imperialist at heart, but puts on an officer uniform and represents imperialism because that is how the European nation is viewed to the rest of the world. Based off of Orwell’s ideas, you should think individually so you won’t regret things later on in life as George and Tim do. Your conscious would show you wrong from right. George Orwell’s ideas can also be applied to â€Å"On the Rainy River†. Although Tim is educated on the war in Vietnam, he does have to deal with his problems in utter silence because he’s afraid that the people he can talk to will tell him to go to the war and he doesn’t want to be called a coward, which takes a toll on his body. â€Å"How at work one morning†¦I felt something break open in my chest†¦it was a physique rupture. † So not only is Tim losing sleep and becoming paranoid, but now the stress is affecting Tim’s physical health as well. If Tim had talked to Elroy Berdahl he would have been much better off. The guilt and stress has been eating away at Tim all summer, and will continue to get at him until he can speak to someone about what he’s going through. If Tim had vented to Elroy, his physical and mental health might have returned to normal, which would have helped him to make his decision. George faces being ill educated along with dealing with his problems. George is an outcast in the native village. He is supposed to be striking fear into these people, however he is against the brutality and injustice that imperialism instills on its subjects. If only George had had the courage to tell the natives who he really was, he might have had an easier time being accepted by them. If George had been better educated, he might have known how to think straight when surrounded by two thousand people; he might have also known where to shoot the elephant so it wouldn’t have to suffer the way it did. To conclude, both Tim and George tried to run away from the inevitable. You can’t escape who you are, and that is what Tim and George tried to do. Tim was an American citizen who was caught up in the draft for the Vietnam War, and George was a citizen of an imperial nation. Tim couldn’t face leaving his friends and family behind so he ended up damaging himself both physically and mentally without even trying to talk this out with his family and friends. While George an anti-imperialist at hear must enforce it upon this Asian country. Both decisions were forced by others whether it is Tim deciding to go to the war due to the devastating fact that if he were to go to Canada, he would never see his family again and if George didn’t shoot that elephant, the tribal people would be more disrespectful than ever. George Orwell wants us to be individuals and think for ourselves. We shouldn’t be influenced by others to make decisions we wouldn’t normally do. How to cite George Orwell Stories Review, Papers

Written Assessment Unemployment Research Essay

Questions: (a) Explain whether there is a relationship between inflation and unemployment. Should government interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment? Provide real life examples. (b) Using your home country as a case study outline and analyse inflation, unemployment and growth trends. Identify what range of the aggregate supply curve your country is operating in. (c)Explain how monetary policycan influence an economy, including the exchange rateand employment levels. Answers : Economics For Today There are just two periods in the world history during which there was a sustained growth in living standards. The first occurred in China between the eighth and the twelfth centuries, where a modest rate of growth took living standards to a level not attained in Europe until the eighteenth century. The Chinese experience demonstrates that the initiation of a growth process does not entail it's continuation indefinitely, in spite of it's early experience of growth, China entered the post-Second World War period as one of the world's poorest countries. Examples Of Real Life The second phase of sustained growth is a very recent phenomenon and began in Europe. A sustained increase in living standards started in Europe some time after 1500, but it was initially very slow. During the first two centuries it averaged only about 0.1 per cent per annum, which translates into a 22 per cent increase in income per capita over the entire period. Economic progress slowly gathered momentum, averaging 0.2 per cent per annum during the 1700-1820 period, while from the early nineteenth century it began to grow by about 1 per cent per annum, allowing for a doubling in the standard of living in seventy years. Growth rates that consistently reached above 1 per cent per annum were only recorded after 1870. Yet the century and a quarter of sustained growth since then has had spectacular effects, transforming life for people in the countries that have stepped on to the growth elevator and creating a yawning gap between the 'haves' and the 'have nots'. The dramatic increase in world inequality is illustrated by the fact that in 1900, average income per head in Western Europe, the USA, and Japan was about five times higher than in Africa; now it is fifteen times higher. Fig. 1.6 uses the Penn World Tables 6.1 square to look at the distribution of average per capita income across countries in the world in 1960 and 2000. GDP per head of the population is measured at constant prices and at purchasing power parity adjusted exchange rates to enable average living standards to be compared across countries. In fig. 1.6, country averages of GDP per capita are measured relative to the United States, i.e. the USA = 1. In 1960 the world's poorest country, Tanzania, had an average per capita GDP level of $382 per annum, while China's was $ 682 and the United States had per capita GDP of $ 12,273. Today, Tanzania is still the world's poorest country at $ 482 per capita GDP while the United States enjoys $ 33,293 per capita GDP. Average growth rate in the United States was about 1.8 per cent per annum from 1870 to 2000. If average growth rate in the USA had been on percentage point from lower over that period, and thus comparable to those achieved by India or Pakistan ( over most of that period), it's per capita GDP in 2000 would have only reached about $ 9,000 which would have a meant a current level of economic performance roughly similar to that of Mexico or Poland. If on the other hand the USA had enjoyed growth rates only one percentage point higher than the actual one, and thus comparable to the average growth rate of Japan or Taiwan for most of that period, it's GDP per capita levels would have been almost four times higher than they are now. These examples illustrate how small differences in growth rates produce large effects in terms of the standard of living when they persist for longperiods of time. Fig. 1.6 shows on the left the frequency distributions of the average GDP per capita of countries of the world in 1960 and 2000, where average GDP is measured relative to the USA (=1). It is immediately obvious that the vast bulk of countries are to be found with levels of average income way below that of the USA. The so called kernel distribution in the right-hand panel is different method of using the same information presented in the histograms on the left. Looking at the right hand panel, we can see the way the world cross-country income distribution has changed between 1960 and 2000. First we notice a bimodal pattern, meaning that it now looks as if it has two peaks at the ends, while in 1960 it had only one. We also notice that the distribution in 2000 is slightly wider than it was in 1960. These are signs that over time as some countries have become richer and others poorer, the world has become increasingly more clustered between rich and poor countries. A different question is what happened to the distribution of income across the peoples of theworld, rather than across countries. In the past twenty years, some of the most populous countries such as China and India have grown faster than the rich countries and this has had the effect of pulling large numbers of people out of poverty. This hints at powerful changes that occurred over the past four decades as the world witnessed both growth miracles and growth disasters, coupled with a profound transformationof the political landscape and the collapse of many African economies under the burden of the AIDS epidemic. The extent of economic inequality between today's world economies becomes even more striking when we are reminded that in the developing world over 790 million people do not have enough food to eat and 1.3 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water. Almost half of the world'spopulation survives on less than $2 a day. In Asia the number of people living in poverty, on less than $ 1 a day, fell from 420 million to around 280 million even when taking into account the financial meltdown of the late 1990s. In Eastern Europe on the other hand the number of people living on less than $ 1 a day has increased by a factor of twenty. Today most of the OECD countries together with some of the Asian economies find themselves at the top of the world's income distribution. In 1960 however we witness Latin American countries like Argentina, Uruguay and Venezuela in the top 25 countries, whereas none are in the top 25 in 2000. Similarly, some Asian countries like China, India, Indonesia and Pakistan that were in the bottom 25 countries in 1960 experienced sufficient growth to move well outside this group. Differences in economic growth rates have ranged from 6 per cent per annum for Taiwan to -1.8 per cent per annum for Zambia and have dictated the winners and losers of the last few decades.losers. In fig. 1.7 we plot the relative per capita incomes of economies in 1960 and 2000 against the 45 degree line. Points that lie relatively close to the diagonal represent countries that have seen very little change in relative living standards over the past few decades compared to the USA. Points that lie above the diagonal represent countries that have experienced positive relative rates of economic growth. The plot also shows that within the cluster of points in the lower left corner, representing the poor countries of the world, many have experienced a deterioration in their relative position. Only very few countries that have had relatively low incomes per capita in 1960 have seen a significant improvement in their relative living standards, and can thus be identified as growth miracles. These form the loose cluster of points to the left of the 45 degree line and include most of the Asian economies but also Botswana, Mauritius, Cyprus and Romania. Countries represented by points to the extreme right of the 45 degree line correspond to economies that have seen a deterioration of their relative position over the past few decades and are thus labeled as growth disasters. Notable examples include Chad, Iraq and Venezuela. Given the varied performance of countries asshown in fig. 1.7, we naturally face the question of what the prospects are for the evolution of the income distribution in the future. Specifically, is there any hope that the world's poorest economies will catch up with the world's richest ones? We construct fig. 1.8 by plotting the growth rate in per capita GDP over the period 1960 to 2000 against the log value of per capita GDP in 1960. This plot is a simple example of an attempt to explore the concept of economic convergence and corresponds to an old economic hypothesis that countries which start off poor ought to grow faster and thus catch up with the richer ones. If the countries that are initially poor are to catch up, there should be a negative relationship in the graph, with countries on the left hand side ( poor at the outset ) having the high growth rates ( located at the top ) and vice versa for countries that are initially rich. We also have plotted the best fit line correspon ding to the sample regression and we observe a small positive slope. However, we should note that the points are widely dispersed, and indeed if we perform a statistical test we obtain the result that the slope parameter is not significantly different from zero. Thus, we cannot confidently conclude that there is divergence on the basis of this data, but there is clearly no sign of convergence across countries. However, if we were to perform the same analysis on sub samples of the data set, such that the countries that we include are relatively similar in terms of their economic, social, political or historical experience we will obtain a strong negative relationship between the growth rate of income and the initial starting position, thus confirming the convergence hypothesis. Employment rates are lower for women and for older people: this is the outcome of a combination of lower participation rates and higher unemployment rates. This is a common feature across the OECD countries. Nevertheless, there are interesting cross-country variations, the shortfall of the women's employment rate below that of men is least in the Nordic countries at around 10 percentage points or less; the shortfall is highest in the catholic southern European countries and Ireland at nearly 30 per cent points or more. For older people aged 55-64, the emolument rate shortfall as compared with those between the ages of 25 and 54 is lowest in Japan and Switzerland and highest in the continental economies of Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands In the light of stylized empirical facts of economic growth we can turn to the theoretical models. One place to begin is to focus on what determines the level of output per worker. In our discussion of the short and medium run, we focused on a single factor of production, labor. We assumed that the amount of capital requirement available to the worker was fixed. When we move tothe long run, we would expect differences in levels of output per worker across countries to depend on the amount of capital equipment available. As we shall see, Humancapital should also be included. Human capital refers to the abilities and skills that people can acquire. The term human capital is used to highlight the analogy with physical capital: investment only takes place if current consumption is sacrificed and resources are devoted to acquiring capital goods instead. Similarly, resources and time must be devoted to the accumulation of human capital through education, training or learning on the job. In addition to the quantity of factors of production available per worker, both technology and efficiency will matter as well GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of the country in an accounting year. If we sum the gross value added of all the firms of the economy in a year, we get a measure of the value if aggregate amount of goods and services produced by the economy in a year. Such estimates called Gross Domestic Product ( GDP) GDP = sum total of gross value added of all the firms in the economy. GDP includes the market value of all the items produced in an economy and sold legally through the markets. It measures the market value of bananas, onions, potatoes, grapes, movies, health care, haircuts, etc. 1. Goods and services: GDP includes both tangible such asfood, cloth, houses, cars, etc and intangible goods such as haircuts, health care and house cleaning. When an individual buys a book from a shop, he is buying a good and it's purchase price is a part of GDP. When an individual pays to hear a music by a famous group he is buying a service, and the ticket price is also a part of GDP. 2. Produced: GDP includes goods and services produced currently. It does not include transaction in goods produced in the past. 3. Within a country: GDP measures the value of production within the domestic territory of a country. When an Indian citizen works in Britain, his production is part of Britain's GDP. Thus, items are included in a country's GDP if these are produced domestically, regardless of the nationality of the producer. 4. In given period of time: GDP measures the value of production that takes place within a specified period of time usually an accounting year. GDP measures the economy's flow of income and expenditure per annum.GDP is the output of all the Indian enterprises located in India and GNP is the output of all the Indian enterprises whether located on India or abroad Steady state growth is characterized by a constant output ratio and constant wage and profit shares in GDP. There is no growth of per capita GDP. A rise in the savings or investments rate or fall in the population growth rate leads to a period during which the GDP per capita grows as a consequence of the increasing capital intensity of a production, but growth dies out because of the role of diminishing return to the capital. The level of output per capita is higher in the steady state is higher, the higher is the savings or investment share, and the lower, the rate of population growth. If the government is able to keep raising the savings or investments rate, there will come a point at which this reduces welfare in the economy, where this is measured by the steady-state level of consumption per head. The savings rate that maximizes consumption per head is known as the golden rule rate. The Solow-Swan model must be modified if it is to be consistent with the stylized fact of steady growth in per capita GDP. This is accomplished by including Harrod-neutral technological progress in the model: i.e. It is assumed that the productivity of labor is enhanced by improvements in technology on the existing capital stock that take place at a constant exogenously given rate. This modification allows for balances growth with rising GDP per capita. The various reasons for unemployment in India are explained below. 1. In India, there have been situations, when economic growth has been sluggish and that is why job opportunities could not be created. Low level of economic growth in three decades from 1950s to 80s could not fetch employment opportunities in the market. The growth in the gross domestic product rose to 11.80 per cent in the year 2003 (in December), and that helped in creation of new job opportunities in the country. In that way economic growth has played an important role in unemployment issues. 2. Due to population pressure in countries like India, Nigeria the unemployment rate fails to keep pace with that. Employment rate does not grow proportionately with population rise. 3. Technological failure also hinders the progress of job creation. Countries which have surplus labour but lesser capital, lesser source of finance, industries which are labour intensive should be given more importance. In the case when capital intensive projects are undertaken it suffers from wastages of human resources. 4. The education system in the country is not practical, and the general education is not relevant for getting jobs. Proper vocational trainings are to be introduced to impart education which is relevant for the job. The International Labour Organization has reported that the unemployment has risen globally from the earlier years. In the year 2013, it moved up to more than 200 million around the world. There has been increase in the number of young jobless people. One of the reasons in such case is that during the crash of financial markets around the world there were employees who lacked in facing such uncertain situation, they lacked in handling such pressure. The company in turn continued buying back its own shares, depending on cash and did not bother for employment creation.Countries like Spain suffer from fiscal crunch; the unemployment rate has been increased from the year 2013, as there has been a 1% growth in GDP over the year. There were shops which are famous brands, outlets of which were closed and to reduce costs companies still do not take more employees which negatively effects the generation of employment in the country. From year 1997 to 2005, Spain has reduced their unemployment rate from 25 per cent to 8 per cent. Growth rate is measured by the GDP growth rate. In the 1990s, the rate of growth was around average 3.5 per cent. The rate was slightly higher than in the year 1980s, the home country growth rate was below the OECD average during the year 1950s and in the year 1960s. As with the US, the home country suffered physical and various other destruction during the World War II, so as the result of war, the post war economic growth of the country was not so high rather it was too slow. By the early 1990s, the GDP had fallen by around 8 per cent which was below the OECD average. In the early 1990s, due to various reform measures, there was a rapid economic growth which was accompanied with the low level of inflation and decline in the level of unemployment. Reform measures included the reduction in the tariff level and various other trade barriers, improving the remuneration and employment condition of employees. These reforms increase the level of productivity in the year 1990s, unlike the U S, the accelerate rate in the home countrys productivity growth was very little in comparison to the growth of information technologies goods, in spite of the fact that the home country is an intensive user of information technologies goods. The growth rate after 1990s showed a relative increase during the 2000s. Monetary policy and its power to control The primary objective of monetary policy is the power to stabilize the booms and depressions occurring around the world of economy around the globe. The framing of this policy determines a huge controlling strength for the government of countries to control the economic instability such as the real interest rates inequality of income in the country as a whole. The government as a part of its policy changes the rates and all to control the system and the working. The monetary policy in the short run affects the inflation rates in the economy as the interest and repo rates affects the intensity of the inflation rates creating economic stability all over. In the country like India it is very important to stabilize the monetary policy as there exists a huge disparity of interest rates and thus it needs to be controlled nicely. Bibliography Head, M. ( 2014). Global unemployment rises above 200 million. World Socialist Website , 1-2. Malln, P. R. (2014). It's A Long Way To Recovery: Spain's Unemployment Rate Remains At 26%, Despite GDP Growth Predictions. International Business Times , 1-4. NINAN, O. A. (2011). Economic growth fails to reduce unemployment. The Hindu , 2-3.